1. Pulse energy measurement:
Pulse energy can be defined as the integral of the input signal over time (which equates to the pulse area).
                                                               

X             exposure
x(t)         measured quantity as a function of time
T             flash duration time

2. Pulse effective intensity measurement:
pulsed or flashing signals are produced when power delivery to a source of optical radiation is cyclical. Xenon strobes and pulsed LEDs are used as warning signals, beacons and anti-collision lights in land-sea-air applications. High peak powers at very short durations are generated by these pulsing sources. A Blondel and Rey study found flashing sources to be five times as conspicuous as steady state sources (under certain conditions) creating the quantity of effective intensity. Although the Blondel-Rey method works for most Xenon pulsed sources, Schmidt-Clausen expanded this original investigation to include pulses of different shapes. They developed the 'Form-Factor' method of calculating the effective luminous intensity of a pulsed source described by the following equation:



where:
ieff = effective intensity
î = peak intensity
I(t) = intensity
C = time constant, depending upon the level of adaptation, recommended values are
C = 0.1 s for day-time observation
C = 0.2 s for night-time observation